Comportamiento epidemiológico de la leptospirosis en México durante el periodo 2013-2019 / Epidemiologic behavior of leptospirosis in México during the period 2013-2019

RESUMEN Objetivo Determinar el comportamiento temporal y espacial de la leptospirosis en México durante el periodo 2013-2019. Materiales y Métodos Se utilizó la información depositada en los boletines epidemiológicos del Sistema Nacional de Vigilancia Epidemiológica de México. Para determinar el comportamiento espacial se construyeron canales endémicos y análisis de series de tiempo. Para determinar el comportamiento espacial, se utilizó el modelo estadístico espacial Scan. Resultados Se determinó que los casos de leptospirosis en México se presentan todo el año; sin embargo, los picos endémicos se observaron en los meses de agosto, septiembre y octubre. Con respecto al comportamiento espacial, no se determinó ninguna agrupación estadísticamente; no obstante, los estados con la mayor prevalencia fueron: Sinaloa, con 146.7 casos por cada millón de habitantes, y Tabasco, con 142 casos por cada millón de habitantes. Discusión La leptospirosis es una enfermedad influenciada por los hábitos y las costumbres de la población, al igual que por variables climatológicas que favorecen el contacto con el agente etiológico. Esto coincide con lo reportado por otros estudios que han determinado que la incidencia de leptospirosis aumenta durante la época de lluvia y que esta enfermedad se relaciona con actividades de recreación en zonas tropicales. Conclusiones La leptospirosis es una enfermedad zoonótica emergente de gran importancia en México, que se presenta con mayor frecuencia en época de lluvias. Los estados de Sinaloa y Tabasco son los más afectados.(AU)

ABSTRACT Objetive To determine the temporal and spatial behavior of leptospirosis in Mexico during the period 2013-2019. Materials and Methods It was used the information deposited in the epidemiological bulletins of National System of Epidemiological Surveillance of Mexico. To determine spatial behavior, endemic channels and time series analyzes were constructed. The spatial statistical model Scan was used to determine the spatial behavior. Results It was determined that leptospirosis cases in Mexico occur throughout the year, however endemic peaks were observed during the months of August, September and October. Regarding to spatial behavior, it was not statistically determined any aggrupation, nevertheless the States with the highest prevalence were Sinaloa with 146.7 cases per million of habitants and Tabasco with 142 cases per million of habitants. Discussion Leptospirosis is a disease which is affected by habits and customs of the populations, as well as by climatological events, favoring the contact with the etiological agent, which coincides with that reported in other studies, in which it was determined that leptospirosis incidence increases during the rainy season, likewise, it was reported that this disease is related to recreational activities in tropical areas. Conclusions To date leptospirosis is an important emerging zoonotic disease in Mexico, the disease occurs more frequently during rainy season, being Sinaloa and Tabasco the most affected States by this disease.(AU)

[Epidemiologic behavior of leptospirosis in México during the period 2013-2019]. / Comportamiento epidemiológico de la leptospirosis en México durante el periodo 2013-2019.

OBJETIVE: To determine the temporal and spatial behavior of leptospirosis in Mexico during the period 2013-2019. MATERIALS AND METHODS: It was used the information deposited in the epidemiological bulletins of National System of Epidemiological Surveillance of Mexico. To determine spatial behavior, endemic channels and time series analyzes were constructed. The spatial statistical model Scan was used to determine the spatial behavior. RESULTS: It was determined that leptospirosis cases in Mexico occur throughout the year, however endemic peaks were observed during the months of August, September and October. Regarding to spatial behavior, it was not statistically determined any aggrupation, nevertheless the States with the highest prevalence were Sinaloa with 146.7 cases per million of habitants and Tabasco with 142 cases per million of habitants. DISCUSSION: Leptospirosis is a disease which is affected by habits and customs of the populations, as well as by climatological events, favoring the contact with the etiological agent, which coincides with that reported in other studies, in which it was determined that leptospirosis incidence increases during the rainy season, likewise, it was reported that this disease is related to recreational activities in tropical areas. CONCLUSIONS: To date leptospirosis is an important emerging zoonotic disease in Mexico, the disease occurs more frequently during rainy season, being Sinaloa and Tabasco the most affected States by this disease.

OBJETIVO: Determinar el comportamiento temporal y espacial de la leptospirosis en México durante el periodo 2013-2019. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Se utilizó la información depositada en los boletines epidemiológicos del Sistema Nacional de Vigilancia Epidemiológica de México. Para determinar el comportamiento espacial se construyeron canales endémicos y análisis de series de tiempo. Para determinar el comportamiento espacial, se utilizó el modelo estadístico espacial Scan. RESULTADOS: Se determinó que los casos de leptospirosis en México se presentan todo el año; sin embargo, los picos endémicos se observaron en los meses de agosto, septiembre y octubre. Con respecto al comportamiento espacial, no se determinó ninguna agrupación estadísticamente; no obstante, los estados con la mayor prevalencia fueron: Sinaloa, con 146.7 casos por cada millón de habitantes, y Tabasco, con 142 casos por cada millón de habitantes. DISCUSIÓN: La leptospirosis es una enfermedad influenciada por los hábitos y las costumbres de la población, al igual que por variables climatológicas que favorecen el contacto con el agente etiológico. Esto coincide con lo reportado por otros estudios que han determinado que la incidencia de leptospirosis aumenta durante la época de lluvia y que esta enfermedad se relaciona con actividades de recreación en zonas tropicales. CONCLUSIONES: La leptospirosis es una enfermedad zoonótica emergente de gran importancia en México, que se presenta con mayor frecuencia en época de lluvias. Los estados de Sinaloa y Tabasco son los más afectados.

Salix babylonica L. as a Natural Anticoccidial Alternative in Growing Rabbits.

Coccidiosis in rabbit production is responsible for high morbidity, mortality, and economic losses. The use of natural antimicrobial substances in rabbits represents a promising way to improve their health and production. The aim of the present study was to assess the activity of Salix babylonica hydroalcoholic extract (SBHE) on the elimination of Eimeria spp. in rabbits. The phytochemical compounds and chemical composition of SBHE were determined. The cytotoxicity of SBHE was determined by a microwell assay using Artemia salina. Twenty-five New Zealand rabbits, 28 days old and 872 ± 171 g body weight (BW), were used in a completely randomized design. The rabbits were assigned to five groups of five rabbits, control group (A) received only basal diet (BD), B group received BD + 25 mg/kg BW of SBHE, C group received BD + 50 mg/kg BW of SBHE, D group received BD + 100 mg/kg BW of SBHE, and E group received BD + coccidiostat Baycox® (75 mg/kg body weight) for 28 days. Feces samples were collected at days 0, 7, 14, 21, and 28; morphological and morphometric identifications of Eimeria were carried out by the flotation technique and counting of oocysts by the McMaster technique. The rabbits were found naturally infected with Eimeria spp. The SBHE present phytochemicals with anticoccidial activity, and the cytotoxicity test indicate that this extract is nontoxic. This study demonstrates that oral administration of SBHE at 25 and 50 mg/kg BW reduced the release of oocysts per gram of feces. This effect was observed at day 14 and had the most significant effect at day 28 for both concentrations. The results indicate that SBHE could be a natural alternative for the control of coccidiosis in rabbit production.